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''Raḍāʿ'' or ''riḍāʿa'' (Arabic: رضاع, رضاعة) is a technical term from Sunni Islamic jurisprudence meaning "the suckling which produces the legal impediment to marriage of foster-kinship".〔Giladi, ''Infants, Parents and Wet Nurses: Medieval Islamic Views on Breastfeeding and Their Social Implications'', ISBN 90-04-11223-5, p. 69〕 The term derives from the infinitive noun of the Arabic word ''radiʿa'' or ''radaʿa'' ("he sucked the breast of his mother"). Often it is translated as "fosterage" or "milk-kinship".〔G. J. H. van Gelder, ''Close Relationships: Incest and Inbreeding in Classical Arabic Literature'', ISBN 1-85043-855-2, p. 93〕 The concept of ''radāʿ'' derives from Islamic and pre-Islamic notions concerning the state of consanguinity created between wet nurse and unrelated nursling—that is, a woman and a baby other than her own—through the act of breastfeeding. ''Radāʿ'' also defines the links between various relations and family members of both wet nurse and baby, such that not only are the two forbidden in marriage to one another, but so are their relations in various combination (e.g. the nursling's biological brother with the milk-mother's biological daughter). Conversely, the milk-relationship allows usually forbidden familiarities between the two, particularly if the nursling is male and of adult stature, such as viewing the milk-mother unveiled or in private, exactly as if he were a relation. == In Islamic law == ''Radāʿ'' receives extensive treatment in the Islamic jurisprudence (''fiqh'') of the classical jurists (''faqih''). A primary feature of such works is the delineation of which relationships are subject to prohibition once the milk relationship is established. The following are the sorts of questions directed to the founder of the Hanbali school of jurisprudence by his son: Other common topics included the following: * ''laban al-fahl'', "milk of the sire", as under Islam the wet nurse's husband is considered the actual owner of her milk (it is his semen which caused the pregnancy that stimulated her lactation), which ties of consanguinity exist between his relations and the nursling? * ''sifat al-radāʿ al-muharrim'', "quality of the milk", which ways of transmission create consanguinity? * '' ʿadad al-radāʿ al-muharrim'', minimal number of sucklings necessary to establish fosterage; * ''radāʿ al-kabīr'', suckling of a grown-up person, the maximum age at which the milk-relationship may be established; * ''al-radāʿ min mayyita'', whether or not the absorption of milk from a dead woman creates the impediment. ''ʿAdad al-radāʿ al-muharrim'', or minimal number of sucklings necessary to establish the milk-kinship, was the subject of extensive debate and ever more elaborate exegetical theorizing. For the adherents of older schools of law, such as the Malikis and Hanafis, one suckling was enough. Others, such as the Shāfi'īs, maintained that the minimum number was five or ten, and that in fact a Qur'ainic verse had once stipulated this exact number until its wording had been expurgated from the Qur'ānic text〔John Burton, ''The Sources of Islamic Law: Islamic Theories of Abrogation'', ISBN 0-7486-0108-2, pp. 156-158〕〔Burton, ''Naskh'', Encyclopaedia of Islam²〕 The following tradition (''hadith'') treats both this topic as well as that of ''radāʿ al-kabīr'', or suckling of an adult: For most jurists (Ibn Hazm being one prominent exception), the bar to marriage was effective only if the nursling was an infant. Yet even these allowed that a new relationship resulted between the two; Ibn Rushd, for example, ruled that the woman could now comport herself more freely in front of the nursed adult male, such as appearing before him unveiled.〔Giladi, ''Infants, Parents and Wet Nurses'', p. 86〕 The famous traditionist Muhammad al-Bukhari was forced to resign his position of ''mufti'' and leave the city of Bukhara after ruling that two nurslings who suckled from the same farm animal became milk-siblings.〔Giladi, ''Infants, Parents and Wet Nurses'', p. 69〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rada (fiqh)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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